Exploring Earth - Curriculum links

The Canadian Space Agency, in collaboration with the Exploring Earth project partners, is committed to providing teachers with educational materials that connect with the science and geography curricula from all Canadian provinces and territories. The following table summarizes the links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography and the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes for each topic associated with the interactive map.

To identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities, first choose a category of interest (Cryosphere, Water Bodies, Terrestrial Biomes, Natural Hazards and Weather, Landforms, Human Footprint, Bird Migration, Miscellaneous), then select the topic, geographic area or grade range that is most applicable to your classroom.

Cryosphere

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the crosphere category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Icebergs	Northern Canada	4-8	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment Global patterns of wind and water Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment	Earth and space science 311-12 Describe factors that affect glaciers and polar ice caps, and describe their consequent effects on the environment 332-1 Describe interactions of components of the hydrosphere, including the cryosphere
Sea ice	Arctic and Antarctic	4-8	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Factors that influence people's perception of places and regions Changes in places and regions over time How culture affects places and regions Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Limits and opportunities of the physical environment for human activities	Earth and space science 301-1 Predict how the removal of a plant or animal population affects the rest of the community 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals Life science 332-1 Describe interactions of the components of the hydrosphere, including the cryosphere
Ice on the great lakes	Eastern North America	6-8	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human characteristics of places and regions in Canada Essential Element 4: Human Systems Transportation and communication networks in Canada Types and patterns of economic activity	Life science 301-1 Predict how the removal of a plant or animal population affects the rest of the community 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape
Glaciers and ice sheets	Greenland	8-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Map, globe and atlas use Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human processes shape places and regions Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Environmental Issues	Earth and space science 311-12 Describe factors that affect glaciers and polar ice caps, and describe their consequent effects on the environment 332-1 Describe interactions of components of the hydrosphere, including the cryosphere
Snowpack	Northern Canada	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Critical issues and problems of places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Inter-annual climate variation Essential Element 6: The Uses of Geography Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Physical science 308-9 describe the laws of reflection of visible light and their applications in everyday life Earth and space science 311-12 describe factors that affect glaciers and polar ice caps, and describe their consequent effects on the environment 332-1 describe interactions of components of the hydrosphere, including the cryosphere
Permafrost	Northern Canada	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Critical issues and problems of places and regions Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Environmental issues Global effects of human modification of the physical environment	Earth and space science 311-3 relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils 311-12 describe factors that affect glaciers and polar ice caps, and describe their consequent effects on the environment 332-3 describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere Life science 318-4 explain why different ecosystems respond differently to short-term stresses and long-term changes

Water bodies

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the water bodies category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Meandering rivers	Northern South America	4-5	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Perceptions of places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns River systems of Canada	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 332-2 Analyse energy and matter transfer in the water cycle 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere
Lakes	Russia	4-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Earth and space science 102-11 Identify examples of water in the environment and describe ways that water is obtained, distributed and used 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 311-8 Analyse factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and freshwater environments 311-11 Describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow
Lagoons	Central South America	6-8	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Limits and opportunities of the physical environment for human activities Effects of human modification of the physical environment	Earth and space science 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 311-8 Analyse factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and freshwater environments 311-11 Describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow
Braided rivers	New Zealand	6-10	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Global patterns of wind and water River systems of Canada and the world	Earth and space science 301-5 describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 331-7 describe how soil composition and fertility can be altered and how these changes could affect an ecosystem 311-11 describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow 332-2 analyse energy and matter transfer in the water cycle
River deltas	Madagascar	6-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Locational technology Essential Element 3: Physical Systems River systems of Canada and the world Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment	Earth and space science 331-7 describe how soil composition and fertility can be altered and how these changes could affect an ecosystem 310-3 classify various types of soil according to their characteristics and investigate ways to enrich soils 332-2 analyse energy and matter transfer in the water cycle
Bays	Canada	6-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones	Earth and space science 102-11 Identify examples of water in the environment and describe ways that water is obtained, distributed and used 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere Life Science 208-5 State a prediction and a hypothesis based on background information or an observed pattern of events (e.g., predict what an aquatic ecosystem will look like in 25 years based on characteristics of the area and the long-term changes observed in similar sites)
Oceans	Atlantic and Pacific Oceans	8-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global ocean and atmosphere systems Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Earth and space science 102-11 Identify examples of water in the environment and describe ways that water is obtained, distributed and used 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 311-8 Analyse factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and freshwater environments 330-7 Describe the characteristics of Canada's three oceans
Seas	Mediterranean Sea	8-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global ocean and atmosphere systems Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Earth and space science 102-11 Identify examples of water in the environment and describe ways that water is obtained, distributed and used 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 311-8 Analyse factors that affect productivity and species distribution in marine and freshwater environments 330-7 Describe the characteristics of Canada's three oceans 331-6 Analyse the impact of external factors on an ecosystem

Terrestrial biomes

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the terrestrial biomes category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Temperate Grassland	Central North America	K-6	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Location and distribution physical and human features Essential Element 2: Places and Region Concept of formal (uniform) regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Concept of an ecosystem	Life science 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-3 Explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Temperate deciduous forest	Southeastern North America	2-8	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Ecozones Essential Element 4: Human Systems Types and patterns of human settlement Patterns and processes of migration past and present	Life science 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-3 Explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Tropical dry forest	Central America	4-9	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions The importance of places and regions to individual and social identity Political and historical characteristics of regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones	Life science 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-7 Compare Canadian biomes in terms of climate, vegetation, physical geography, and location Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and a resource for society
Desert	Northern Africa	4-10	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Physical and human characteristics of places and regions within the province and Canada Changes in places and regions over time Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones	Life science 318-3 Explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and resources for society 330-10 Describe the processes and technologies involved in developing an Earth resource, from exploration to extraction to refinement
Temperate rainforest	Western Canada	6-9	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Factors that influence people's perception of places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Ecozones Implications of the hydrologic cycle	Life science 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-3 Explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Savannah	Central Africa	6-10	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Ecozones Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment	Life science 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-3 Explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Tundra	Iceland	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions The importance of places and regions to individual and social identity Political and historical characteristics of regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones	Life science 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-7 Compare Canadian biomes in terms of climate, vegetation, physical geography, and location Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and resources for society
Boreal forest	Eastern North America	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions The importance of places and regions to individual and social identity Political and historical characteristics of regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity	Life science 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-7 Compare Canadian biomes in terms of climate, vegetation, physical geography, and location Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and resources for society
Chaparral	Western Australia	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Physical and human characteristics of places and regions within the province and Canada Changes in places and regions over time Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones	Life science 213-6 Use library and electronic research tools to collect information on a given topic 318-7 Compare Canadian biomes in terms of climate, vegetation, physical geography, and location 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and resources for society
Tropical rainforest	Central Africa	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Political and historical characteristics of regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of biodiversity Ecozones World climate regions Inter-annual climate variation	Life science 302-2 Describe how a variety of animals are able to meet their basic needs in their habitat 318-7 Compare Canadian biomes in terms of climate, vegetation, physical geography, and location 300-19 Examine and describe some living things that cannot be seen with the naked eye Earth and space science 310 Explain how Earth provides both a habitat for life and resources for society 331-6 Analyse the impact of external factors on an ecosystem

Natural hazards and weather

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the natural hazards and weather category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Thunderstorms	Central North America	2-5	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Basic components of Earth's physical systems Hydrologic cycle Extreme natural events	Earth and space science 200 Ask questions about objects and events in their immediate environment and develop ideas about how those questions might be answered 102-3 Observe changes in sunlight and describe how these changes affect living things 101-6 Describe ways of measuring and recording environmental changes that occur in daily and seasonal cycles
Volcanic eruptions	Hawaii	2-7	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Extreme natural events	Earth and space science 311-4 examine some of the catastrophic events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, that occur on or near Earth's surface 210-6 interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among the variables (e.g., explain the relationship between catastrophic events and the contact areas of tectonic plates) 332-9 relate plate tectonics to the processes that change Earth's surface
Landslides	Western North America	3-8	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Causes and patterns of extreme natural events Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impact of natural and technological hazards/disasters on the human and physical environment	Earth and space science 100-38 Compare the absorption of water by different soils and describe the effect of moisture on characteristics of the soils 100-39 Observe and describe the effects of moving water on different soils 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape
Wildfires	Central North America	4-8	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Extreme natural events Causes and patterns of extreme natural events Essential Element 6: The Uses of Geography Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Life science 301-1 Predict how the removal of a plant or animal population affects the rest of the community 301-2 Relate habitat loss to the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape
Desertification	Northeastern Africa	4-9	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Environmental issues Essential Element 6: The Uses of Geography Interaction of physical and human systems and influence on current and future conditions	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-2 Describe intended and unintended effects of a scientific or technological development Life science 301-1 Predict how the removal of a plant or animal population affects the rest of the community Earth and space science 311-3 Relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils
Dust storms	Australia	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Political and historical characteristics of regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of the Earth's physical system Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impacts of major natural hazards/disasters on humans	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape 311-3 Relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils 331-7 Describe how soil composition and fertility can be altered and how these changes could affect an ecosystem
Flooding	Central North America	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Critical issues and problems of places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World patterns of extreme events Inter-annual climate variation Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impacts of major natural hazards/disasters on humans	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere
Earthquakes	Japan	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Political and historical characteristics of regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of the Earth's physical system Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impacts of major natural hazards/disasters on humans	Earth and space science 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape 311-4 Examine some of the catastrophic events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, that occur on or near Earth's surface 331-9 Describe methods of monitoring and predicting earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate interactions
Hurricanes and cyclones	Caribbean and Atlantic regions	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Political and historical characteristics of regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of the Earth's physical system Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impacts of major natural hazards/disasters on humans Extreme natural events	Earth and space science 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape 311-4 Examine some of the catastrophic events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, that occur on or near Earth's surface 330-4 Analyse the interactions between the atmosphere and human activities 330-7 Describe the characteristics of Canada's three oceans 332-2 Analyse energy and matter transfer in the water cycle
Volcanoes	Hawaii	9-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Extreme natural events	Earth and space science 311-4 Examine some of the catastrophic events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, that occur on or near Earth's surface 210-6 Interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among the variables (e.g., explain the relationship between catastrophic events and the contact areas of tectonic plates) 332-9 Relate plate tectonics to the processes that change Earth's surface

Landforms

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the landforms category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Mountains	Himalayan Range	2-8	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns World climate regions	Initiating and planning 200 Ask questions about objects and events in their immediate environment and develop ideas about how those questions might be answered Earth and space science 210-6 Interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships among variables (e.g., explain the relationship between catastrophic events and the contact areas of tectonic plates) 311-1 explain the processes of mountain formation and the folding and faulting of Earth's surface
Impact craters	Western North America	4-8	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Location of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Extreme natural events Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment	Earth and space science 311-4 Examine some of the catastrophic events, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, that occur on or near Earth's surface 331-3 Relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils
Dunes	Southwestern Africa	4-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment Global patterns of wind and water Components of the Earth's physical system	Earth and space science 100-37 Investigate and describe soil components 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere
Waterfalls	Southeastern Africa	4-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Components of the Earth's physical system Global patterns of wind and water Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Limits and opportunities of the physical environment for human activities	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 311-11 Describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow
Canyons	Grand Canyon	4-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Location of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human characteristics of regions Regions defined by multiple criteria Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns World patterns of biodiversity	Earth and space science 102-11 Identify examples of water in the environment and describe ways that water is obtained, distributed and used 311-7 Describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere Life Science 105-1 Identify examples of scientific questions and technological problems that are currently being studied (e.g., identify factors that affect migrations)
Beaches	Eastern Canada	5-9	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global patterns of wind and water River systems of Canada and the world Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Watershed management	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 311-11 Describe processes of erosion and deposition that result from wave action and water flow
Wetlands	Eastern North America	6-8	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human characteristics of places and regions in Canada and the world Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Ecozones	Earth and space science 311-3 relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils 331-7 describe how soil composition and fertility can be altered and how these changes could affect an ecosystem Life science 318-3 explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Peatlands	Northern Canada	6-10	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human characteristics of places and regions in Canada and the world Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Ecozones	Earth and space science 311-3 relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils 331-7 describe how soil composition and fertility can be altered and how these changes could affect an ecosystem Life science 318-3 explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations
Salt pan	Central Africa	6-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features and country and global scales Essential Element 3: Physical Systems World climate regions Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment Implications of the hydrologic cycle	Earth and space science 301-5 describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 332-2 analyse energy and matter transfer in the water cycle 332-3 describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere
Relic glacier forms	Norway	6-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment Ecozones (polar regions)	Earth and space science 301-5 Describe effects of wind, water, and ice on the landscape 311-7 describe processes that lead to the development of ocean basins and continental drainage systems 332-1 describe interactions of components of the hydrosphere, including the cryosphere 332-7 describe geological evidence that suggests life forms, climate, continental positions, and Earth's crust have changed over time
Islands and archipelagos	Hawaii	6-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Interdependence of places and regions Critical issues and problems of places and regions	Earth and space science 331-9 Describe methods of monitoring and predicting earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and plate interactions 332-8 Analyse evidence for plate tectonics history 332-9 Relate plate tectonics to the processes that change the Earth's surface
Coral reefs	Great Barrier Reef	8-12	Essential Element 1: The world in Spatial Terms Distribution of major human and physical features at country and global scales Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global ocean and atmospheric systems World patterns of biodiversity Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Environmental issues	Earth and space science 331-6 Analyse the impact of external factors on an ecosystem Life science 208-5 State a prediction and a hypothesis based on background information or an observed pattern of events Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-8 Describe the potential impact of the use by humans of regional natural resources
Faults	Rocky Mountains	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Physical and human processes shape places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of Earth's physical system Plate tectonics	Earth and space science 311-1 explain the processes of mountain formation and the folding and faulting of Earth's surface 332-3 describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere 332-7 describe geological evidence that suggests life forms, climate, continental positions, and Earth's crust have changed over time 332-8 analyse evidence for plate tectonics theory 332-9 relate plate tectonics to the processes that change Earth's surface
Folds	Appalachian Range	9-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Physical and human processes shape places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of Earth's physical system Plate tectonics	Earth and space science 311-1 Explain the processes of mountain formation and the folding and faulting of Earth's surface 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere 332-7 Describe geological evidence that suggests life forms, climate, continental positions, and Earth's crust have changed over time 332-8 Analyse evidence for plate tectonics theory 332-9 Relate plate tectonics to the processes that change Earth's surface
Sinkholes	Southwestern United States	10-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Changes in places and regions over time Critical issues and problems of places and regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Components of Earth's physical system Global ocean and atmosphere systems Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Global effects of human modification of the physical environment Environmental issues Impacts of major natural hazards/disasters on humans	Earth and space science 332-3 Describe major interactions among the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere 301-7 Describe natural phenomena that cause rapid and significant changes to the landscape Physical science 113-1 Identify some positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development Initiating and planning 208-2 Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues

Human footprint

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the human footprint category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Mining	Northern Canada	2-8	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Basic components of Earth's physical systems Patterns of land use and economic activity in the community Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Earth's natural resources	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 107-6 Provide examples of how science and technology have been used to solve problems around the world 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment 112-3 Explain how society's needs can lead to developments in science and technology Earth and space science 310-1 describe the composition of Earth's crust
Deforestation	Northern South America	4-8	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Changes in places and regions over time How culture affects places and regions Essential Element 4: Human Systems Human settlement patterns and land use Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Environmental Issues	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment 108-2 Describe intended and unintended effects of a scientific or technological development Life science 301-1 Predict how the removal of a plant or animal population affects the rest of the community
Highways	Southeastern United States	4-8	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Location of major human and physical features on Earth Essential Element 4: Human Systems Transportation and communication networks in Canada and the world Regional development in Canada and the world Processes of cultural diffusion	Nature of science and technology 111-5 Describe the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems Initiation and planning 208-2 Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues Physical science 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment Earth and Space science 108-1 Identify positive and negative effects of familiar technologies
Airports	Southeastern Unites States	4-9	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Climate types Essential Element 4: Human Processes Transportation and communication networks in Canada and the world Population density, distribution and growth rates	Nature of science and technology 111-5 Describe the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems Initiating and planning 208-2 Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues Earth and space science 106-4 Describe instances where scientific ideas and discoveries have led to new inventions and applications
Air pollution		4-10	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Causes and patterns of extreme natural events Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Environmental issues	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-1 Identify positive and negative effects of familiar technologies 108-2 Describe intended and unintended effects of a scientific or technological development 113-1 Identify some positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development 113-2 Describe possible positive and negative effects of a particular scientific or technological development, and explain how different groups in society may have different needs and desires in relation to it
Light pollution	Central Canada	4-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Latitude, longitude and the global grid Essential Element 2: Places and Regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 4: Human Systems Population density, distribution and growth rates Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Global effects of human modification of the physical environment	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-2 Describe intended and unintended effects of a scientific or technological development 113-2 Describe possible positive and negative effects of a particular scientific or technological development, and explain how different groups in society may have different needs and desires in relation to it Earth and space science 330-4 analyse the interactions between the atmosphere and human activities 331-6 analyse the impact of external factors on an ecosystem
Oil and gas	Western Canada	4-12	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Physical processes shape Earth's features and patterns Essential Element 4: Human Systems Types of economic activity Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Renewable and non-renewable resources Human modification of the physical landscape	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 107-6 Provide examples of how science and technology have been used to solve problems around the world 108-1 Identify positive and negative effects of familiar technologies 112-3 Explain how society's needs can lead to developments in science and technology Earth and space science 310-1 describe the composition of Earth's crust
Urbanization	Western Africa	4-12	Essential Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms Major cities of the province and Canada Essential Element 4: Human Systems Population density, distribution and growth rates Human settlement patterns and land use Internal structure of cities Economic development by world regions, country and regions within countries Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-1 Identify positive and negative effects of familiar technologies 113-1 Identify some positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development 113-13 Propose a course of action on social issues related to science and technology, taking into account human and environmental needs 114-6 Relate personal activities and various scientific and technological endeavours to specific science disciplines and interdisciplinary studies Analysing and interpreting 206-9 Identify new questions or problems that arise from what was learned
Solar energy	Germany	6-8	Essential Element 4: Human Systems Regional development in Canada and the world Types and patterns of economic activity Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Changes in the importance of energy sources	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 108-4 Describe how technological products and systems can be used to conserve natural resources 107-8 Describe examples of technologies that have been developed to improve their living conditions 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment
Utilities	Eastern North America	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and regions Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Causes and patterns of extreme natural events Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Impact of natural and technological hazards/disasters on the human and physical environment	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 107-6 Provide examples of how science and technology have been used to solve problems around the world 107-8 Describe examples of technologies that have been developed to improve their living conditions 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment Analysing and interpreting 206-9 Identify new questions or problems that arise from what was learned Nature of science and technology 111-1 Provide examples of scientific knowledge that have resulted in the development of technologies
Agriculture	North American Prairies	6-12	Essential Element 4: Human Systems Types and patterns of economic activity Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Limits and opportunities of the physical environment for human activities Use and sustainability of resources	Relationships between science and technology 111-1 Provide examples of scientific knowledge that have resulted in the development of technologies Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 112-3 Explain how society's needs can lead to developments in science and technology Earth and space science 311-3 Relate various meteorological, geological, and biological processes to the formation of soils
Offshore hydrocarbon industry	Gulf of Mexico	8-12	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global ocean and atmosphere systems Essential Element 4: Human Systems Types of economic activity Transportation and communication networks in Canada and the world Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Effects of human modification of the physical environment Environmental issues Use and sustainability of resources	Relationships between science and technology 111-5 Describe the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems Physical science 113-1 Identify some positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development Initiating and planning 208-2 Identify questions to investigate arising from practical problems and issues Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 118-1 Compare the risks and benefits to society and the environment of applying scientific knowledge or introducing a technology Earth and space science 330-11 Identify factors in responsibly developing Earth's resources
Maritime shipping	Northwestern Africa	9-12	Essential Element 4: Human Systems Cities as providers of goods and services Transportation and communications networks in Canada and the world Types and patterns of economic activity Global economic interdependence Essential Element 5: Environment and Society World patterns of resource distribution and utilization	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 107-9 Compare past and current needs, and describe some ways in which science and technology have changed the way people work, live, and interact with the environment 112-3 Explain how society's needs can lead to developments in science and technology 113-1 Identify some positive and negative effects and intended and unintended consequences of a particular scientific or technological development Relationships between science and technology 111-5 Describe the science underlying particular technologies designed to explore natural phenomena, extend human capabilities, or solve practical problems

Miscellaneous

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the miscellaneous category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
Aurora borealis	Northern Canada	2-12	Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Earth-sun relationships Physical processes shape patterns in the environment Global ocean and atmospheric systems Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Physical environment influences human activities Limits and opportunities of the physical environment for human activities	Earth and space science 300-23 Describe the physical characteristics of components of the solar system 312-6 Describe the effects of solar phenomena on Earth 331-5 Analyse meteorological data for a given time span and predict future weather conditions using appropriate methodologies and technologies
Canada's marine parks	Northern Canada	6-9	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions World political regions Essential Element 3: Physical Systems Global patterns of wind and water Essential Element 5: Environment and Society Watershed management	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 112-5 Provide examples of public and private Canadian institutions that support scientific and technological research and endeavours 113-13 Propose a course of action on social issues related to science and technology, taking into account human and environmental needs Life science 215-4 Identify multiple perspectives on a science-related decision or issue
Canada's national parks	Western Canada	6-12	Essential Element 2: Places and Regions The importance of places and regions to individual and social identity Political and historical characteristics of regions Essential Element 6: The Uses of Geography Influence of geographical features on the evolution of significant historic events and movements	Social and environmental contexts of science and technology 112-5 Provide examples of public and private Canadian institutions that support scientific and technological research and endeavours 113-13 Propose a course of action on social issues related to science and technology, taking into account human and environmental needs Life science 215-4 Identify multiple perspectives on a science-related decision or issue

Bird migration

List of topics to identify which curriculum links apply to your classroom activities associated with the bird migration category
Topic	Geographic Reference	Grades	Links to the Canadian National Standards for Geography	Links to the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes
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Date modified:: 2019-01-21

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